Svi prijevodi dobiveni su uz pomoć NeuroTran-a. Interaktivni mod NeuroTran-a korišten
je od strane osobe koja je stručni prevoditelj. Greške koje se neminovno javljaju
u NeuroTran prijevodu stručni prevoditelj je automatski ispravljao. Prevođenje
uz pomoć NeuroTran-a može uštedjeti više od 85% vremena pri prevođenju tekstova
od kratkih do dugih.
Više o NeuroTran®
softveru možete doznati na web stranici: http://www.tranexp.hr/NeuroTran.html
NeuroTran® prijevodi poredani kronološki:
[Thu Dec 18 09:40:48 2003]
Zbog velikog mnoštva podataka i proračuna, treba se organizirati ispis deformacija pojedinih točaka
Because of the large amount of data and calculations, the printout of deformations of certain points should be organized
[Thu Dec 18 09:52:35 2003]
Aktiviramo renumeraciju (ovdje nije potrebno, ali je uobičajeno, ne zaboraviti)
We activate the renumeration (it is not necessary here, but it is customary, it should not be forgotten)
[Thu Dec 18 09:54:48 2003]
Ako nismo unijeli akceleraciju u Y smjeru, treba ju sada unijeti nalogom ACEL
If we have not entered acceleration in Y direction, it should now be entered with the command ACEL
[Thu Dec 18 09:56:17 2003]
Treba specificirati cjelokupno vrijeme u kojem će se promatrati problem.
Total time in which problem will be observed should be specified.
[Thu Dec 18 09:56:17 2003]
TIME nalog ukazuje na vrijeme početka proračuna, vrijeme završetka proračuna i vremenski korak integracije
TIME command indicates the time of the start of calculation, time of completion of calculation, and time step of integration
[Thu Dec 18 10:08:00 2003]
Odabiremo opciju nelinearne statičke analize s A_NONLINEAR,S, odgovarajući na pitanja iz izbornika za tu analizu
We select the option of nonlinear static analysis with A_NONLINEAR,S, answering the questions from the menu for that analysis
[Thu Dec 18 10:20:22 2003]
Upis podataka (CAD-GEOSTAR-a FE programa COSMOS/M za analizu dinamičkog prolaza pokretnog opterećenja (s jednom silom) nosačem mosta
Data input (of CAD-GEOSTAR FE program COSMOS/M, for the analysis of dynamic passing of moving load (with one force) through the beam of the bridge
[Thu Dec 18 10:29:47 2003]
proračun frekvencija
calculation frequency
[Thu Dec 18 10:37:22 2003]
Modeliranje utjecaja promjene intenziteta l pokretne sile u vremenu T.
Modelling of the influence of change of intensity and moving force in time T.
[Thu Dec 18 10:38:21 2003]
Ako se sila kreće nosačem brzinom v, a čvorovi mreže KE su međusobno na razmaku ?X onda je vremenski odsječak ?t=?x/v.
If force moves through the beam at the speed v, and FE mesh nodes are at mutual distance?X, then the time segment is ?t=?x/v.
[Thu Dec 18 10:42:45 2003]
B je utjecajna širina (ili razmak nosača).
B is the influence width (or beam span).
[Thu Dec 18 10:42:45 2003]
Princip formuliranja krivulje opterećenja je sličan onom kod statičkog formuliranja djelovanja indirektnog opterećenja prijenosa sila na nosač
Principle of load curve formulation resembles the one in static formulation of the effect of indirect load of transfering forces to the beam
[Thu Dec 18 11:04:35 2003]
Još odabiremo podatke za crtanje deformacija u vremenskim točkama 10, 20, 50 i 100-tom koraku analize
We are still selecting data for drawing deformations in timepoints 10, 20, 50, and in the 100th step of the analysis
[Thu Dec 18 11:08:19 2003]
Pogledajmo rezultate proračuna i dijagrame ponašanja konstrukcije pod prolazećim opterećenjem
Let us look at the analysis results and diagrams of structure behavior under passing load
[Thu Dec 18 11:10:53 2003]
Aktiviramo padajući meni RESULTS i izaberemo ACTIVATE, pa DISPLACEMENTS te zatim PLOT DISPLACEMENTS za korake 20, 50 i 100
We activate the drop-down menu RESULTS, choose ACTIVATE, then DISPLACEMENTS, and then PLOT DISPLACEMENTS for steps 20, 50 and 100
[Thu Dec 18 11:12:20 2003]
inicijaliziramo
initialize
[Fri Dec 19 09:57:10 2003]
Vidi se u dijagramu vrijeme/deformacije (obilježba grafa 6N2) ponašanje točke 2 pod prolazećim opterećenjem
In the diagram time/deformations (marking of graph 6N2) we can see the behavior of the point 2, under passing load
[Fri Dec 19 10:14:14 2003]
Zatim provedemo analizu vlastitih titranja za prva 4 moda titranja nalogom A_FREQUENCY, te odabire prema izborniku.
Then we carry out the analysis of own vibrations for the first 4 modes of vibrations with the command A_FREQUENCY, and selections according to the menu.
[Fri Dec 19 10:24:06 2003]
Za ovu analizu prethodno se OBVEZNO mora u MATERIAL PROPERTIES (MPROP) nalogu zadati gustoća (DENSITY), a zatim i nalog za akceleraciju ACEL.
For this analysis, IT IS NECESSARY TO previously set density (DENSITY) in THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES (MPROP) command ,and then THE command for acceleration ACEL.
[Fri Dec 19 10:24:06 2003]
Ako to nije urađeno, treba to uraditi prije naloga R_FREQUENCY
If IT has not been done earlier, it should be done before the command R_FREQUENCY
[Fri Dec 19 10:28:14 2003]
Zadani nalog R_FREQUENCY pokrenut će analizu vlastitih titranja sustava.
The given command R_FREQUENCY will start the analysis of system's own vibrations.
[Fri Dec 19 10:28:14 2003]
Proračun daje frekvencije
The calculation gives frequencies
[Fri Dec 19 10:39:13 2003]
Sad je sve spremno za prvu dinamičku nelinearnu analizu mosta pod prolazećim opterećenjem
Everything is ready now for the first dynamic nonlinear analysis of a bridge under moving load
[Fri Dec 19 10:46:07 2003]
Postavljamo i početne rubne uvjete u vremenu t=0.
We set the starting boundary conditions in time t=0.
[Fri Dec 19 10:46:08 2003]
Nalogom INITIAL, DISP (pomake), koji su u početku =0 u svim smjerovima
With the command INITIAL, DISP (displacements), which are at the beginning =0 in all directions
[Fri Dec 19 11:05:39 2003]
Izdaje se nalog A_NONLINEAR, D za dinamičku analizu, i odabiremo iz ponuđenog izbornika ostale elemente potrebne proračunu
We give the command A_NONLINEAR, D for dynamic analysis, and from the offered menu we select other elements required for the calculation
[Fri Dec 19 11:07:53 2003]
Konačno, nalogom R_NONLINEAR pokrećemo dinamičku nelinearnu analizu
Finally, with the command R_NONLINEAR we start the dynamic nonlinear analysis
[Fri Dec 19 11:38:14 2003]
Pogledamo rezultate grafičkih prikaza pomaka točke 6 u smjeru 2 (=uy) u vremenu.
We check the results of graphic presentations of displacements of point 6 in the direction 2 (=uy) in time.
[Fri Dec 19 11:38:40 2003]
Pogledamo rezultate proračuna sa EDIT, (ime_datoteke), OUT.
We check the results of calculation with EDIT, (file_name), OUT.
[Fri Dec 19 11:38:40 2003]
Time je posao analiza dovršen
This concludes the analyzing process
[Fri Dec 19 11:51:23 2003]
Prikazani su samo neki dijagrami pomaka za linearnu analizu i za modove titranja
Only some diagrams of displacement for linear analysis and for modes of vibration are presented
[Fri Dec 19 12:04:18 2003]
Dobiveni rezultati proračuna dinamičke analize.
Results obtained with dynamic analysis calculation.
[Fri Dec 19 12:04:18 2003]
Prikaz modova titranja i pomak čvora 6 (6N) u smjeru Y (smjer 2), označen oznakom 6N2 pri prolazu sile nosačem prikazanim na sl
Presentation of vibration modes of and displacement of node 6 (6N) in the direction Y (direction 2), marked with 6N2, when force passes through the beam shown in Figure
[Fri Dec 19 12:34:40 2003]
U zornom primjeru opisat će se još jedan primjer za edukaciju u smislu primjene nelinearnih statičkih analiza.
Another example shall vividly show education in the sense of using nonlinear static analysis.
[Fri Dec 19 12:41:39 2003]
Radi se o ploči koja se sastoji od 3x3 KE i s gornje strane je upeta, a s donje strane joj je priloženo opterećenje p.
It is a plate which consists of 3x3 FE, it is fixed from the upper side, with the load p applied from the bottom side.
[Fri Dec 19 12:42:02 2003]
Zadane su krivulje promjene sile u vremenu i krivulja koja definira nelinearno ponašanje materijala ploče.
Curves of force variation in time are given, as well as the curve which defines nonlinear behaviour of plate material.
[Fri Dec 19 12:46:18 2003]
Cijeli postupak je građen u OGRANIČENOJ VERZIJI GEOSTAR-a i MODSTAR-a.
The entire procedure is carried out in the LIMITED VERSION of GEOSTAR and MODSTAR.
[Fri Dec 19 12:46:18 2003]
Naravno, u ograničenoj verziji COSMOS/M-a ne može se provesti sama nelinearna analiza, ali se mogu u tim verzijama pripremiti datoteke za upis u KOMPLETNU verziju COSMOS/M FEA programa i time steći rutina formulacije problema nelinearne analize
Of course, in the limited version COSMOS/M-and not was able carry out the alone nonlinear analysis, but can in that versions prepare files for the entry in the COMPLETE version COSMOS/M FEA of program and thereby acquire the routine of formulation of problem of nonlinear analysis
[Fri Dec 19 14:21:26 2003]
Nelinearna statička analiza pravokutne ploče koja je upeta na gornjem rubu ploče i kojoj je opterećenje priloženo na donjem rubu ploče.
Nonlinear static analysis of a rectangular plate which is fixed on the upper plate edge, with the load applied to the bottom plate edge.
[Fri Dec 19 14:21:26 2003]
Model KE, formulacija zakona promjene opterećenja u vremenu i formulacija zakona promjene modula elastičnosti (bilinearni materijalni model)
Model FE, formulations of the law of load variation in time and formulation of the law of elastic modulus variation (bilinear material model)
[Fri Dec 19 14:23:19 2003]
Ime problema u GEOSTAR-u je EPL.
The title of the problem in GEOSTAR is EPL.
[Fri Dec 19 14:23:19 2003]
Prikazuje se modeliranje u GEOSTAR-u, datoteka EPL.SES
Modeling in GEOSTAR is presented, file EPL.SES
[Fri Dec 19 14:40:14 2003]
Sada se dodaju dodatni nalozi u MODSTAR modulu, koji se odnose na upise karakteristika materijala i opis krivulje opterećenja, te aktivaciju opterećenja p kao i izbor vremena integracije te izbor podataka za crtanje krivulje deformacije, a koji se nisu mogli zadati u GEOSTAR-u ograničene verzije COSMOS/M-a
Now we give additional commands in the MODSTAR module, which relate to input of material properties and the description of load curve, and the activation of load p, as well as the selection of integration time and the selection of data for drawing of the deformation curve, which could not be set in GEOSTAR of COSMOS/M limited version
[Fri Dec 19 14:46:38 2003]
Upisuje se TANGENTNI modul EXTAN, za materijal 1, kojem je vrijednost 5000
TANGENT module EXTAN is entered, for material 1, with the value 5000
[Fri Dec 19 14:48:13 2003]
Upisuje se izbornikom za upis EXTAN
It is entered with the input menu EXTAN
[Fri Dec 19 14:51:09 2003]
Upisuje se granica popuštanja SIGYLD, bilinearnog ponašanja materijala, a prema izborniku
Yield point SIGYLD, of bilinear material behaviour is entered, in accordance with the menu
[Fri Dec 19 14:56:20 2003]
Upisuje se default vrijednost za NUXY.
Default value for NUXY is entered.
[Fri Dec 19 14:56:20 2003]
Nije potrebno upisati Poissonov broj osim ako to ne zahtijevaju specifikacije materijala, što rezultira nalogom
Poisson's number does not have to be entered, unless material specifications require so, which results in the command
[Fri Dec 19 15:06:26 2003]
Definira se totalno vrijeme integracije.
Total integration time is defined.
[Fri Dec 19 15:06:53 2003]
Direktna integracija po vremenu uzeta je za rješavanje nelinearnih jednadžbi.
Direct integration per time is taken for solving nonlinear equations.
[Fri Dec 19 15:08:45 2003]
Za nelinearne statičke analize moramo procijeniti vremenski korak kako bi se doseglo konačno opterećenje.
For nonlinear static analyses, we must estimate the time step in order to reach the final load.
[Fri Dec 19 15:10:21 2003]
Ne postoji provjereno pravilo za odabir ovih vrijednosti, jer su to problemsko zavisni problemi.
There is no such thing as a tested rule for selection of these values, because these issues are problem-dependent problems.
[Fri Dec 19 15:11:03 2003]
Bolja se aproksimacija postiže praksom.
Better approximation is achieved through experience.
[Fri Dec 19 15:21:36 2003]
Vidi o tome u poglavlju u kojem se govori o ekspertnim sustavima za taj odabir.
See more in the chapter about expert systems for this selection.
[Fri Dec 19 15:22:42 2003]
Kao heurističko pravilo treba početi s malim brojem vremenskih koraka i postupno povećavati broj vremenskih koraka sve dok rezultat ne konvergira.
As a heuristic rule, we should start with the small number of time steps and gradually increase the number of time steps until the result converges.
[Fri Dec 19 15:23:34 2003]
Međutim treba pokušati uniformni vremenski korak tijekom proračuna.
However, we should try the uniform time step during calculation.
[Fri Dec 19 15:23:38 2003]
Odredimo ukupno vrijeme vremena rješenja s nalogom TIME.
We determine the total time of solving time with the command TIME.
[Fri Dec 19 15:32:22 2003]
Upisujemo i vremenski korak integracije DT sa DTIME nalogom
We enter and time step of integration DT with DTIME command
[Fri Dec 19 15:38:57 2003]
Da bi se definirala krivulja vrijeme-opterećenje prikazana na slici, treba upisati 5 vremenskih točaka.
In order to define the time-load curve shown in the picture, we must enter 5 timepoints.
[Fri Dec 19 15:39:34 2003]
Krivulju definiramo s TIMC nalogom.
We define the curve with the TIMC command.
[Fri Dec 19 15:42:18 2003]
S najviše do 20 točaka može se odrediti ova krivulja.
We can define this curve with up to 20 points.
[Fri Dec 19 15:43:09 2003]
Svaki TIMC nalog definira po najviše četiri točke na krivulji.
Every TIMC command defines maximally four points on the curve.
[Fri Dec 19 15:43:32 2003]
To nije tako u punoj verziji GEOSTAR-a COSMOS/M-a.
This is not the case in the full version of COSMOS/M GEOSTAR.
[Fri Dec 19 15:44:21 2003]
Nalog se po potrebi ponavlja.
The command is repeated if necessary.
[Fri Dec 19 15:45:07 2003]
Za ovaj problem treba definirati pet točaka krivulje vrijeme-opterećenje.
In this problem, five points of time-load curve must be defined.
[Fri Dec 19 15:46:29 2003]
Stoga je nalog TIMC zadan dva puta:
Therefore, the TIMC command is given twice:
[Fri Dec 19 15:46:29 2003]
u prvom nalogu opišu se 4 točke, a u drugom peta točka
in the first command, 4 points are described, and in the second, the fifth point
[Fri Dec 19 15:54:17 2003]
Bilo koji broj krivulja može se definirati.
Any number of curves can be defined.
[Fri Dec 19 15:54:17 2003]
Krivulje se trebaju pridružiti priloženim silama i opterećenjima i stoga ih treba aktivirati prije definiranja krivulji asociranog opterećenja
Curves should be associated with applied forces and loads, and therefore they should be activated before defining load associated with the curve
[Fri Dec 19 16:00:41 2003]
Aktiviranje krivulje 1 postiže se aktiviranjem krivulje br. 1 koja je maločas definirana nalogom
Activation of curve 1 is achieved by activating the curve no. 1 which was a short while ago defined with the command
[Fri Dec 19 16:13:10 2003]
Prekontroliramo konektivitete KE modela pozivom naloga ELIST, a zatim tražimo i objašnjenje upisa naloga za upis p opterećenja
We check the connectivities of the FE model by calling the command ELIST, and then we request the explanation for entering the command for load p
[Fri Dec 19 16:22:31 2003]
Upisuje se točno određeno traženo mjesta pomaka i napona.
Precisely defined locations of displacements and tensions are defined.
[Fri Dec 19 16:24:16 2003]
COSMOS/M piše ispise za sve čvorove mreže KE sustava.
COSMOS/M gives printouts for all FE mesh nodes of the system.
[Fri Dec 19 16:25:53 2003]
Međutim mi smo zainteresirani samo za pomake slobodnog ruba ploče.
However, we are interested only in displacements of the free edge of the plate.
[Fri Dec 19 16:26:23 2003]
Stoga se definira grupe čvorova na rubu gdje se želi ispis pomaka.
Therefore, node groups are defined at the edge where printout of displacements is needed.
[Fri Dec 19 16:26:23 2003]
To se radi izbornikom NODSET naloga
This is done using the menu of the NODSET command
[Fri Dec 19 16:34:27 2003]
Definiramo brojeve čvorova za koje želimo crtanje krivulja reakcije (responsa).
We define the numbers of nodes for which we want the curves of reaction (response) to be drawn.
[Fri Dec 19 16:34:27 2003]
Koristimo RESGRPH nalog i odgovarajući izbornik tog naloga
We use the RESGRPH command and the corresponding menu of that command
[Fri Dec 19 16:41:00 2003]
Upisuje se default vrijednost za NUXY.
Default value for NUXY is entered.
[Fri Dec 19 16:41:00 2003]
Nije potrebno upisati Poissonov broj osim ako to ne zahtijevaju specifikacije materijala, što rezultira nalogom
Poisson's number does not have to be entered, unless material specifications require so, which results in the command
[Fri Dec 19 17:19:01 2003]
Odabiremo analizu, nelinearnu statičku, i broj reformacija između koraka iteracija, a tolerancijom točnosti 0.001 u 15 iteracija, što je u ovom slučaju dovoljno
We select the analysis, nonlinear-static, and number of reformations between iteration steps, with the accuracy tolerance 0.001 in 15 iterations, which is, in this case, enough
[Mon Dec 22 09:29:36 2003]
Time je problem riješen u domeni statičke nelinearne analize.
This solves the problem in the domain of static nonlinear analysis.
[Mon Dec 22 09:30:30 2003]
Ako se želi dinamička nelinearna analiza, potrebno je provesti analizu vlastitih titranja sa A_FREQUENCY, odabrati prve 3 ili 4 frekvencije, zatim provesti analizu s R_FREQUENCY.
If we want a dynamic nonlinear analysis, we must carry out the analysis of own vibrations with A_FREQUENCY, select first 10 or 4 frequencies, then carry out the analysis with R_FREQUENCY.
[Mon Dec 22 09:30:30 2003]
Potom se može odrediti parametre dinamičke nelinearne analize sa A_NONLINEAR,D, te nalogom R_NONLINEAR provesti nelinearnu dinamičku analizu
Then we can determine parameters of the dynamic nonlinear analysis with A_NONLINEAR,D, and with the command R_NONLINEAR, conduct the nonlinear dynamic analysis
[Mon Dec 22 09:36:13 2003]
Ovaj mali primjer je dovoljno očit da bi se uvidjele mogućnosti programa.
This small example is obvious enough in order to understand the possibilities of the program.
[Mon Dec 22 09:36:13 2003]
Naravno, cijeli je postupak puno jednostavnije formulirati u GEOSTAR-u cjelovite profesionalne verzije COSMOS/M FEA programa
Naturally, it is much more simply to formulate the entire procedure in GEOSTAR of the integral professional version of the COSMOS/M FEA program
[Mon Dec 22 09:38:33 2003]
Prikazuje se formulacija istog problema u punoj verziji GEOSTAR
Formulation of the same problem in full version of GEOSTAR
[Mon Dec 22 09:43:15 2003]
Prikaz dinamičke nelinearne analize:
Presentation of the dynamic nonlinear analysis:
[Mon Dec 22 09:43:15 2003]
vrijeme / progib
time/deflection
[Mon Dec 22 10:02:42 2003]
Iscrt von Mises naprezanja u određenom vremenskom koraku nelinearne analize.
Drawing of von Mises stresses in a certain time step of nonlinear analysis.
[Mon Dec 22 10:05:10 2003]
Ovaj se graf definira pozivom naloga u GEO Panelu:
This graph is defined by calling the command in GEO Panel:
[Mon Dec 22 10:05:10 2003]
Results > PLOT> Stress (STRPLOT) i odredbom vremenskog koraka (Time step number), te definicije komponente naprezanja (VON), sloja u kojem se traži iscrt naprezanja, izborom koordinatnog sustava i odredbom naprezanja u čvorovima MKE (Nodal stress)
Results > PLOT > Stress (STRPLOT) and by determining the time step (Time step number), and defining the stress component (VON), the layer in which drawing of stresses is required, by selecting the coordinate system and by regulating stresses in FEM nodes (Nodal stress)
[Mon Dec 22 10:14:16 2003]
Iscrt varijacije von Mises naprezanja duž odabrane presječene crte:
The drawing of von Mises stresses variations along the selected intersected line:
[Mon Dec 22 10:14:35 2003]
na apscisi je prikazan relativni odnos duljine presječnice ( 0 - 1 ), a na ordinati su prikazana naprezanja.
on the abscissa, relative ratio of transversal length (0 - 1) is shown, and on the ordinate, stresses are presented.
[Mon Dec 22 10:15:53 2003]
Ovaj se dijagram dobiva pozivom naloga u Geo Panelu;
This diagram is obtained by calling the command in Geo Panel;
[Mon Dec 22 10:15:53 2003]
Results > PLOT > Path Graph (LSECTPLOT) i upisom čvorova na presječnoj crti, konkretno ovdje čvorova 2 i 14
Results > PLOT > Path Graph (LSECTPLOT) and by entering nodes on the transverse line, in this case, nodes 2 and 14
[Mon Dec 22 10:22:13 2003]
U COSMOS/M FEA programu za proračun lančanica koristimo IMPIPE ili CABLE KE.
In COSMOS/M FEA program for the calculation of catenaries, we use IMPIPE or CABLE FEs.
[Mon Dec 22 10:22:54 2003]
On se može koristiti s KE bove, plutače BUOY KE i s drugim KE, kako bi se mogle simulirati složene konstrukcije, koje se nalaze u nekim medijima (fluidu) određenih svojstava.
It can be used with BUOY FEs, and with other FEs, in order to simulate complex structures, which are found in some media (fluid) of certain properties.
[Mon Dec 22 10:22:54 2003]
Opisujemo ukratko karakteristike upisa podataka za te elemente
We shall briefly describe the characteristic of data input for those elements
[Mon Dec 22 10:27:14 2003]
IMPIPE ili CABLE KE je trodimenzionalni element kabla ili cijevi sa 6 stupnjeva slobode, a ako je definiran opcijom za CABLE element kabla u prostoru s 3 stupnja slobode.
IMPIPE or CABLE FE is a three-dimensional element of a cable, or pipe, with 6 degrees of freedom, and if it is defined with the option for CABLE element of the cable in space with the 3 degrees of freedom.
[Mon Dec 22 10:28:08 2003]
Koordinatni sustav elemenata definiran je programom.
Coordinate system of elements is defined by the program.
[Mon Dec 22 10:30:03 2003]
Koristi se u modeliranju cijevi/kabela uronjenih u medij fluida.
It is used in modelling pipes/cables immersed in fluid medium.
[Mon Dec 22 10:30:26 2003]
Koristi se i kao KE cijevi ili kabla ako je kretanje razine tekućine (WMTDEF) nedefinirano.
It is aslo used as FE of the pipe or cable, if movement of liquid level (WMTDEF) is indefinite.
[Mon Dec 22 10:30:41 2003]
Karakteriziraju ga veliki pomaci.
It is characterized by large displacements.
[Mon Dec 22 10:32:23 2003]
Materijalna svojstva mogu zavisiti o temperaturi.
Material properties may depend upon the temperature.
[Mon Dec 22 10:32:30 2003]
Opterećenje su:
The load is:
[Mon Dec 22 10:32:33 2003]
koncentrirane sile, termalna i gravitacijska opterećenja.
concentrated forces, thermal and gravitational loads.
[Mon Dec 22 10:32:33 2003]
Specijalna opterećenja su hidrostatička i hidrodinamička
Special loads are hydrostatic and hydrodynamic
[Mon Dec 22 10:37:37 2003]
Karakteristike BUOY KE su trodimenzionalnost mase sfernog oblika uronjene u fluid.
Characteristics of BUOY FE are the three-dimensional quality of the spheric-shaped mass immersed in fluid.
[Mon Dec 22 10:37:47 2003]
Ima 6 sloboda pomaka.
It has 6 freedoms of displacements.
[Mon Dec 22 10:37:57 2003]
Koristi se s IMPIPE ili CABLE KE.
It is used with IMPIPE or CABLE FE.
[Mon Dec 22 10:37:57 2003]
Opterećenja su koncentrirane sile i gravitacijska opterećenja, a specijalna opterećenja su hidrostatička i hidrodinamička
Loads are concentrated forces and gravitational loads, and special loads are hydrostatic and hydrodynamic
[Mon Dec 22 10:39:00 2003]
Polazi se od osnovne diferencijalne jednadžbe titranja mase
It starts from the basic differential equation of vibration of mass
[Mon Dec 22 10:46:22 2003]
dubina + rasap
depth + disintegration
[Mon Dec 22 10:50:19 2003]
Kod upisa realnih konstanti upisuje se
Input of real constants goes as follows
[Mon Dec 22 11:01:41 2003]
Broj realnih konstanti koje će se definirati
Number of real constants which will be defined
[Mon Dec 22 11:12:27 2003]
Z koordinata slobodne površine fluida u cijevi
Z coordinate of the free surface of fluid in the pipe
[Mon Dec 22 11:14:44 2003]
gustoća vanjske izolacije cijevi
thickness of the external pipe insulation
[Mon Dec 22 11:16:46 2003]
koeficijent sile uzgona
coefficient of buoyancy force
[Mon Dec 22 11:18:48 2003]
koeficijent inercijskih sila tekućine
inertial fluid force coefficient
[Mon Dec 22 11:25:11 2003]
koeficijent potezanja okomito na os kabela
Pull coefficient perpendicular to the axis of the cable
[Mon Dec 22 11:26:40 2003]
koeficijent tangencijalnog potezanja
Coefficient of tangential pull
[Mon Dec 22 11:28:02 2003]
koeficijent prednaprezanja kabela
coefficient of cable prestressing
[Mon Dec 22 11:34:23 2003]
odabir teorije valova s malom amplitudom
selection of the theory of waves with small amplitude
[Mon Dec 22 11:40:51 2003]
koeficijent korekcije uzdužnog napona
coefficient of longitudinal tension correction
[Mon Dec 22 11:47:31 2003]
koeficijent uzgona
lift coefficient
[Mon Dec 22 11:48:26 2003]
koeficijent inercijskih sila tekućine
inertial fluid force coefficient
[Mon Dec 22 12:06:00 2003]
Još se navodi jedan primjer upisa u GEOSTAR-u, lančanice opterećene s jednom i s dvije koncentrirane sile za provedbu nelinearne analize.
Another example of input in GEOSTAR is given, of a catenary loaded with one and with two concentrated forces, for conducting the nonlinear analysis.
[Mon Dec 22 12:06:51 2003]
Pretpostavlja se isprva ravna crta, koja pod utjecajem sila formira lančanicu.
First, a straight line is assumed, which under the influence of forces, forms the catenary.
[Mon Dec 22 12:09:24 2003]
Provedite primjer ili obradite sličan primjer s COSMOS/M FEA programom.
Go through this or similar example with COSMOS/M FEA program.
[Mon Dec 22 12:09:24 2003]
Prilaže se i primjer nelinearne analize kupole, kao i primjer dinamičke analize mosta - Langerove grede
There is also an example of the nonlinear analysis of a dome, as well as the example of the dynamic analysis of a bridge - Langer truss
[Mon Dec 22 12:12:43 2003]
Nelinearna analiza lančanice modeliranjem s IMPIPE KE.
Nonlinear analysis of a catenary with modelling with IMPIPE FE.
[Mon Dec 22 12:15:47 2003]
Zakon promjene sile u vremenu definiran je dijagramom sila/vrijeme definicijom odgovarajuće krivulje CURDEF.
Law of variation of force in time is defined with the force/time diagram, with the definition of a corresponding curve CURDEF.
[Mon Dec 22 12:17:25 2003]
Početni položaj kabla može biti proizvoljan (no trebao bi biti realno moguć položaj kabela u prostoru).
The starting position of the cable may be arbitrary (but it should be a possible position of the cable in space).
[Mon Dec 22 12:17:25 2003]
Kod nelinearnih analiza mora se analiza provoditi u vremenu uz odgovarajuće zadane vremenske odsječke
With nonlinear analyses, the analysis must be conducted in time, with appropriately assigned time segments
[Mon Dec 22 12:22:32 2003]
Konačna konfiguracija lančanice
Final configuration of a catenary
[Mon Dec 22 12:26:23 2003]
Definiranje sile u vremenu (time) sa
Defining force in time with
[Mon Dec 22 12:39:33 2003]
Primjer ispisa upisa podataka (SES-datoteka), nelinearne statičke i dinamičke analize ponašanja jedne kupole, formulirane s PLANE2D (axisymetric) KE s 8 čvorova u GEOSTAR CAD okruženju.
Example of printout of data input (SES-file) of a nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of a dome behaviour, formulated with PLANE2D (axisymetric) FE with 8 nodes in GEOSTAR CAD environment.
[Mon Dec 22 12:40:25 2003]
U načelu se nalozi obaju datoteka razlikuju u predzadnjem redu ispisanih naloga (slova S i D).
In principle, the commands of both files differ in the penultimate sequence of written commands (letters S and D).
[Mon Dec 22 12:40:25 2003]
U dijagramu tijeka ponašanja jednog čvora kupole vidljiva je razlika između linearne i nelinearne dinamičke analize
In the diagram of course of behavior of a dome node, you can see the difference between linear and nonlinear dynamic analysis
[Mon Dec 22 12:47:54 2003]
Realne konstante se odnose na ovaj crtež konačnih elemenata.
Real constants relate to this drawing of finite elements.
[Mon Dec 22 12:47:56 2003]
Prikaz MKE mosta.
Presentation of FEM of a bridge.
[Mon Dec 22 12:48:16 2003]
Čvorovi i elementi.
Nodes and elements.
[Mon Dec 22 12:48:16 2003]
Modeliranje langerovog nosača mosta
Modelling of a Langer truss of the bridge
[Wed Dec 03 12:44:51 2003]
Svojevremeno je pred zgradom Građevinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu izvedena jedna takva geodetska kupola, kostur od drvenih štapova bez membrane.
Some time before, there was constructed in front of the building of the Faculty Of Civil Engineering in Zagreb one such geodetic dome, skeleton of wooden bars without a membrane.
[Wed Dec 03 12:46:07 2003]
Izveli su je studenti treće godine tadašnjeg Interfakultetskog prometnog studija u sklopu vježbi predmeta Nosive strukture.
It was constructed by third-year students of the Interfaculty of traffic engineering of that time as a part of exercises the of Bearing structure subject.
[Wed Dec 03 12:47:12 2003]
O tome je snimljen i film, a cijeli posao montaže trajao je oko 2 sata.
Even a movie about it was made film, but the entire assembly work lasted the 2 hours.
[Wed Dec 03 12:47:12 2003]
Kasnije su je studenti rastavili i montirali u Karlovcu.
afterwards students disassembled it and reassembled it in Karlovac.
[Wed Dec 03 12:53:49 2003]
Pokušava se (bezuspješno) organizirati industrijska proizvodnja geodezijskih panelnih kupola za stambene potrebe, posebice za brzu izgradnju cijelih naselja visoke i srednje razine opremljenosti stanovanja).
There have been attempts (unsuccessful) to organize the industrial production of geodesic panel cupolas for home requirements, especially for fast construction of entire communities of high and middle levels of residence equipment).
[Wed Dec 03 13:44:52 2003]
Cijeli spektar ultralaganih prostornih konstrukcija u kojima je prostorno, na elemente sustava, podijeljen vlak i tlak na način da se vlak preuzima žicama, kabelima i fleksibilnim elementima, a tlak u sustavu preuzima "krutim" štapnim elementima, uopće nije u nas poznat.
With the whole spectrum of ultralight spatial structures in which are divided spatially, into system elements, tension and pressure in a way that the tension is received through (?) wires, cables and flexible elements, and pressure in the system through (?) " solid " bar elements, we are generally not familiar.
[Wed Dec 03 13:56:29 2003]
"Tensile-integrity" strukture ostale su izvan interesa i domašaja naših projektanata.
" Tensile-integrity " structures remain out of interest and scope of our planners.
[Wed Dec 03 13:59:37 2003]
Koliko znam, kod nas je samo izrađeno nekoliko školskih primjera modela takvih konstrukcija, par diplomskih radova i jedan doktorat znanosti.
As far as I know, by us only has been made a few school examples of such construction models have been constructed here, couple of theses and one Ph. D.
[Wed Dec 03 13:59:37 2003]
U inozemstvu se cijele ekipe eksperata bave unapređivanjem takvih ultralaganih konstrukcija, koje imaju velikih ekonomskih prednosti pred spektrom ostalih velikorasponskih konstrukcija daleko većih masa
There are whole teams of experts Abroad that deal with improvements of such ultralight structures, which have big economic advantages when compared to (?) the spectrum of other long-range constructions of far greater sizes
[Wed Dec 03 14:12:30 2003]
Također je poznato da su hipari od drveta vjerojatno jedna od najracionalnijih konstrukcija, a i oblikom su to osebujne i atraktivne konstrukcije.
It is also familiar that wooden hyperbolic paraboloids are probably one of the most rational constructions, which also have a particular and attractive shape.
[Wed Dec 03 14:15:49 2003]
Vrlo se malo hipara gradi u nas, a oni koji su sagrađeni (od armiranog betona!)
A very small number of hyperbolic paraboloids is built here, and those that are built (from reinforced concrete!)
[Wed Dec 03 14:16:48 2003]
su u stvari antipropaganda za ove oblike.
) actually represent antipublicity to these forms.
[Wed Dec 03 14:20:10 2003]
Hipari su pravčaste plohe, dakle najpovoljniji oblici za primjenu drveta (dasaka i tankih ploča).
Hyperbolic paraboloids are straight line generated structures, therefore the most suitable forms for wood application (boards and thin boards).
[Wed Dec 03 14:21:46 2003]
Hipar od armiranog betona na ulazu u Zagrebački velesajam je građen na hiparu-oplati od drvenih dasaka, čiji se otisci mogu jasno razabrati s donje strane betonske ljuske hipara.
Hyperbolic paraboloid from reinforced concrete at the entrance to Zagreb Fair was built on a hyperbolic paraboloid -paneling from wooden boards, whose traces can clearly be recognized at the lower side of the concrete shell of the hyperbolic paraboloid.
[Wed Dec 03 14:24:07 2003]
Jasno je dokazivo da se za istu cijenu betonskog hipara moglo izgraditi nekoliko atraktivnih drvenih hipara s ukrućujućim elementima od lameliranog drveta.
It is clearly provable that for the same price of concrete hyperbolic paraboloid a few attractive wooden hyperbolic paraboloid with stiffening elements from laminated trees could have been built.
[Wed Dec 03 14:24:07 2003]
Nastojimo uvesti hipare kao razigrane prostorne nosive strukture krovova stambenih jedinica i većih prostora, kao racionalne elemente gradnje i obnove krovova.
We've been trying to introduce hyperbolic paraboloids as playful spacial bearing roof structures of house units and larger spaces, as rational elemens for building and renewing roofs.
[Wed Dec 03 14:41:00 2003]
Slično je i s konstrukcijama oslonjenim na zrak.
It is also similar with constructions supported on the air.
[Wed Dec 03 14:47:05 2003]
Sve se te konstrukcije uz minimalna ulaganja mogu izvesti, no ne proizvode se jer nema početnog dizajna.
All these constructions can be built with minimal investments, but are not made because there is no initial design.
[Wed Dec 03 14:54:24 2003]
U nas nema ni nategnutih mekih membrana od trevire (trevira je tvornički naziv za PVC plastificirani poliesterski netkani tekstil).
We do not have neither tense soft trevira membranes (trevira is the trade name for PVC plasticized polyester unwoven textile).
[Wed Dec 03 14:54:51 2003]
Te su membrane izvanredno pogodne za male hale, za privremene (trajnost se trevire procjenjuje na 15 godina) i atraktivne pokrove hala raznih namjena.
These membranes are exceptionally suitable for small halls, for temporary (trevira's durability is estimated to 15 years) and attractive hall coverings of different purposes.
[Wed Dec 03 14:54:51 2003]
Te su membrane mase od 360 g/m2 do 600 g/m2.
These membranes range from 360 g/m2 to 600 g/m2.
[Wed Dec 03 15:04:42 2003]
U nas se cijele kategorije struktura ne izvode, jer se razmišlja u kategorijama gradnje opekom i armiranim betonom.
whole categories of structures are not performed here, because we think in terms of buildings with brick and reinforced concrete.
[Wed Dec 03 15:04:42 2003]
I eventualno se kod gradnje industrijskih hala razmišlja o građenju čelikom.
And possibly when building industrial halls we consider building with steel.
[Wed Dec 03 15:15:20 2003]
Uzroci sterilnosti nisu u našoj nemoći ili našem neznanju, već u sterilnosti neznanja o funkcioniranju takvih sustava, nepoznavanju mogućnosti izvedbe kod nas, u neznanju prikazivanja geometrijskih prostornih entiteta (tehničkih crteža i detalja) u izvedbenim nacrtima i bojazni od suočavanja s (nepostojećim) problemima u dizajnu.
Reasons for sterility are not to be found in our impotence or ignorance, but in ignorance sterility about functioning of such systems, ignorance of performance possibility here, in ignorance of presenting geometric spacial entities (engineering drawings and details) in execution drafts and in fear from dealing with (nonexisting) problems in designing.
[Wed Dec 03 15:17:36 2003]
Za to neznanje su krivi i tehnički odgoj i još postojeće neprivredno okruženje, nedostatak kontakata s inozemstvom, nepoznavanje razine mogućnosti suvremene znanosti i znanstvenih dostignuća.
Technical education and still existing noneconomic surrounding, lack of contacts with foreign countries, not knowing the level of possibilities of contemporary sciences and scientific achievements are all to be blamed for this ignorance.
[Wed Dec 03 15:17:36 2003]
To nepoznavanje rezultira "tunelskim pogledom" na stvarnost i na mogućnosti današnje znanosti i tehnologije i sprječava uvid u širinu mogućnosti koje nas okružuju.
This ignorance results in a " tunnel look " to reality and to possibilities of today's science and technologies and prevents the insight into the extent of possibilities that surround us.
[Wed Dec 03 15:27:26 2003]
Zatim, često se susrećemo s ustaljenom i sterilnim mišljenjima koja su često spojena s autoritetima vlasti.
Also, we often encounter determinated and sterile opinions that are often linked to governmental authorities.
[Wed Dec 03 15:28:48 2003]
Često se sprječava građenje drvetom jer se autoritetom vlasti insistira na "zapaljivosti" drveta.
Wooden building is often prevented because the governmental authority insists on " combustibility " of trees.
[Wed Dec 03 15:29:32 2003]
Tu, naravno, treba lučiti dvije stvari:
Here, of course, we need to separate two things:
[Wed Dec 03 15:31:02 2003]
jedna je zapaljivost drveta, a druga je ponašanje drveta u požaru.
one is of combustibility of trees, and the other behavior of trees in the fire.
[Wed Dec 03 15:42:46 2003]
Nepobitno je da drvena, ispravno dizajnirana konstrukcija u požaru otpornije djeluje od metalne i armirano-betonske konstrukcije.
It is a fact that a wooden, correctly designed construction in the fire has a greater resistance than metal and reinforced-concrete constructions.
[Wed Dec 03 15:43:16 2003]
U tom smislu je u svijetu i kod nas proveden velik broj ispitivanja dijelova i cijelih konstrukcija.
In this respect, a number of tests of parts and whole constructions has been performed here and in the world.
[Wed Dec 03 15:43:16 2003]
A i požarna iskustva to dokazuju.
And fire experiences prove them.
[Wed Dec 03 16:03:30 2003]
Kod tih "autoriteta" koji apriori odbacuju vatrootpornost drveta u požaru ne pomaže ni zorno ispitivanje požarne otpornosti konstrukcije u laboratoriju, kao što je nedavno takvo ispitivanje financirao DIP GAJ u Zavodu za toplinska istraživanja u Zagrebu.
With these "authorities" who apriori reject the firesafety of wood in the fire neither a clear testing of fire resistances of construction in the laboratory does not help, as one such testing was financed by DIP GAJ at the Department for Thermal Research in Zagreb not long ago.
[Wed Dec 03 16:03:30 2003]
Ako se malo razmisli, onda bi se došlo do zaključka, da takva ispitivanja treba prvenstveno zahtijevati i provoditi za konstrukcije od čelika i armiranog betona, jer su te konstrukcije manje otporne u požaru od drvenih konstrukcija!
If we thought about it a little, then we would come to the conclusion, that such testings need to be primarily demanded and performed for structures of steel and reinforced concrete, because these structures are less resistant in the fire than wooden structures!
[Wed Dec 03 16:34:23 2003]
Proizvodnja "GRAIM" rešetkastih nosača u Hrasniku (po licenciji GRAIMBAU GMbH Hildesheim, Njemačka).
Production of " GRAIM " trusses in Hrasnik (according to the GRAIMBAU GMbH Hildesheim license, Germany).
[Wed Dec 03 16:34:51 2003]
Industrijska proizvodnja rešetkastih nosača.
Industrial production of trusses.
[Wed Dec 03 16:35:14 2003]
Elementi se međusobno spajaju višeslojnim tankim pocinčanim limovima.
Elements are mutually connected by multilayer thin galvanized sheet metals.
[Wed Dec 03 16:35:20 2003]
Spajala su čavli.
Nails are fasteners.
[Wed Dec 03 16:35:59 2003]
Krovna konstrukcija skladišta "Dekorativne" u Ljubljani.
Roof structure " Decorative " warehouse in Ljubljana.
[Wed Dec 03 16:35:59 2003]
Faza montaže GRAIM rešetki.
Assembly phase of GRAIM bars.
[Wed Dec 03 16:43:02 2003]
Utrošak drveta kod punostjenog lameliranog nosača i kod HOWE nosača.
Consumption of wood with a GLULAM beam and a HOWE support.
[Wed Dec 03 16:43:02 2003]
Kod HOWE nosača se uvođenjem prednaprezanja u vertikale sustava eliminiraju sve moguće vlačne sile u dijagonalnim štapovima, čime se bitno pojednostavljuju detalji čvorova priključaka dijagonala za pojaseve rešetke.
In HOWE supports, when introducing prestressing in the verticals of a system, all the possible tensile forces in diagonal members are being eliminated, which simplifies knot details of connections of diagonals for grid flanges to a greater extent.
[Wed Dec 03 16:49:14 2003]
Kod lijepljenih lameliranih drvenih nosača koristimo skupi proizvod drveta i u zonama u kojima taj materijal i nije potreban.
With glued laminated wooden supports we use an expensive wood product and in zones in which that material is not really necessary.
[Wed Dec 03 16:50:13 2003]
Stoga propisi predviđaju korištenje I klase drveta u vanjskim petinskim zonama (H/5), a drvo druge klase drveta u srednjoj zoni visine 3H/5.
Therefore regulations anticipate the use of the first class of wood in outer areas fifth parts (?) (H/5), and wood of the second class in the middle height zone of 3H/5.
[Wed Dec 03 16:52:18 2003]
Također i novi standardi EUROCODE 5 predviđaju da se mogu koristiti razne klase čvrstoće drveta za lameliranje drvenih grednih nosača:
Also new standards EUROCODE 5 anticipate that different strength classes of wood for laminating wooden beam supports can be used:
[Wed Dec 03 16:52:18 2003]
mogu se kombinirati klase čvrstoća C4 i C1 (kod LH28), C6 i C2 (kod LH35), s tim da su najmanje dva sloja vanjski laminati više klase čvrstoće drveta, debljine obostrano po H/6.
classes of strength C4 and C1 (by LH28), C6 and C2 (by LH35), can be combined but at least two layers have to be outer laminates of the upper class of wood's strengths, and of thickness on both sides of H/6.
[Thu Dec 04 09:00:40 2003]
Međutim, potpuno je jasno da se primjenom rešetkastih nosača, na primjer sustava GRAIM, može postići ušteda u masi drvene građe, pri istoj nosivosti nosivog sklopa.
However, it is clear that with the use of trusses, for example with the GRAIM system, the lumber mass could be saved, when at the same structure bearing capacity.
[Thu Dec 04 09:05:01 2003]
Na isti način može se primijeniti i unaprijeđeni HOWE-ov sustav s prednapetim čeličnim vertikalama i pojasevima od lameliranog drveta.
The improved HOWE system with prestressed steel verticals and GLULAM timber belts can be also used in the same way.
[Thu Dec 04 09:08:26 2003]
Štapovi ispune tih kvazi-rešetkastih nosača obično su od piljene (monolitne) građe (što je jeftinije), a mogu biti i od lameliranog drveta (što je skuplje rješenje).
Diagonal bars of these quasi-trusses are usually made from sawn (monolithic) structures (which is cheaper), but can also be made from laminated wood (a more expensive solution).
[Thu Dec 04 09:08:26 2003]
Rešetkasti nosači su u građevinskoj praksi drvenih konstrukcija većih raspona danas poprilično zanemareni u korist skupljih lameliranih grednih i okvirnih nosivih sustava.
Today, in the wooden construction practice of larger proportions, trusses have been considerably ignored in favor of more expensive laminated beam and frame bearing structures.
[Thu Dec 04 09:11:19 2003]
lamelirano drvo
laminated wood
[Thu Dec 04 09:11:48 2003]
limene ploče
sheets of steel
[Thu Dec 04 09:13:41 2003]
piljena građa ili lamelirano drvo
sawn lumber or laminated wood
[Thu Dec 04 09:14:55 2003]
Revitalizacija HOWE-ovog rešetkastog nosača.
Revitalization of the HOWE-truss.
[Thu Dec 04 09:15:40 2003]
a) detalj čvora unaprijeđenog HOWE nosača:
but) knot detail of an improved HOWE support:
[Thu Dec 04 09:16:57 2003]
prednapete vertikale su BBRV kabeli od visokovrijednog čelika s tipskim kotvama;
prestressed verticals are BBRV cables made from high-priced steel with standard anchors;
[Thu Dec 04 09:17:33 2003]
b) strukturalni prikaz čvora za analizu metodom konačnih elemenata (MKE), na primjer s programom M-STRUDL.
b) the structural knot display for the analysis with the finite element method (FEM), for example with the M-STRUDL program.
[Thu Dec 04 09:17:52 2003]
Štapovi ispune priključuju se poluzglobovima za pojasne štapove;
Diagonal bars are attached with semijoints to cord members;
[Thu Dec 04 09:17:52 2003]
c) poprečni presjek kroz čvor nosača.
c) cross section through the support knot.
[Thu Dec 04 09:20:11 2003]
pojas od lameliranog drveta
laminated wood belt
[Thu Dec 04 09:24:19 2003]
Bez znanja o reologiji materijala, pogotovo reologiji drveta, termoplasta, duroplasta i elastomera, malo se može i pokušati učiniti u primjeni polimera u konstrukcijama.
Lacking the knowledge of material rheology, especially of rheology of the wood, thermoplastic, duroplasts and elastomers, little can be done in the use of polymers in constructions.
[Thu Dec 04 09:25:59 2003]
Osim suradnje s arhitektima i građevinarima, potrebna je i suradnja s kemičarima i fizičarima.
Apart from the collaboration with architects and building constructors, a collaboration with chemists and physicists is also necessary.
[Thu Dec 04 09:25:59 2003]
I pri protupožarnoj zaštiti drva također je potrebna takva interdisciplinarna suradnja eksperata.
Such interdisciplinary collaboration of experts is also necessary when dealing with the fire protection of the wood.
[Thu Dec 04 09:31:32 2003]
Primjena plastičnih masa u drvenim konstrukcijama je prirodna, a zapravo i stvar sadašnjeg vremena, pogotovo budućnosti.
The use of plastic masses in wooden constructions is natural, and actually also a matter of the present, especially of the future.
[Thu Dec 04 09:32:54 2003]
To su organski materijali prirodnog i umjetnog porijekla.
These organic materials have a natural and artificial origin.
[Thu Dec 04 09:33:28 2003]
Ali, pri primjeni polimera u konstrukcijama susrećemo se s problemima s kojima se, naravno, nismo ni mogli prije suočiti:
But, in the use of polymers in constructions we encounter problems which, of course, we could not have encountered before:
[Thu Dec 04 09:35:07 2003]
kada koristiti polietilen, polipropilen, polivinilklorid (PVC), polimetilmetakrilate, polikarbonate, celulozne acetobutirate, a kada poliestere i epokside, a kad poliuretane?
when to use the polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethyl methacrylates, polycarbonates, cellulosic acetobutirates, when polyesters and epoxides, but when polyurethanes?
[Thu Dec 04 09:36:31 2003]
Nužno je poznavati reologiju materijala, fizikalno-kemijska svojstva te mogućnosti i načine spajanja;
It is essential to be know the rheology of materials, physical-chemical properties and possibilities and methods of connecting;
[Thu Dec 04 09:37:49 2003]
da li primijeniti lijepljenje (da li se materijal uopće lijepi?)
whether to use gluing (could the material be glued at all?)
[Thu Dec 04 09:37:49 2003]
, da li treba primijeniti šivanje ili VF-postupak zavarivanja pod pritiskom i sl.
), whether to use the sewing or VF-welding method under the pressure and alike.
[Thu Dec 04 09:47:53 2003]
Tu se kod podatljivih membrana susrećemo ne samo s problemima spajanja elemenata u cjelinu, već i s problemima krojenja (povratak već zaboravljenim znanjima deskriptivne geometrije i vještinama krojenja).
with pliant membranes we encounter not only the problems of connecting the elements in the whole, but also the problems of tailoring (returning to already forgotten knowledge of descriptive geometry and to the tailoring skills).
[Thu Dec 04 09:47:53 2003]
Industrijski proizvod osnovnog materijala ponekad je određen dimenzijama koje proistječu iz proizvodnog procesa u tvornicama (na primjer širina tkanja, veličine preša i slično).
Industrial product made of a basic material is sometimes determined by dimensions which result from the production process in factories (for example by a weaving width, by the size of a press and alike).
[Thu Dec 04 09:55:05 2003]
Primjena MERO u drvenim prostornim rešetkama velikih raspona.
Use of MERO in wooden spacial bars of large spans.
[Thu Dec 04 09:55:42 2003]
Ovaj sustav je primijenjen na jednom mostu.
This system has been applied on one bridge.
[Thu Dec 04 10:02:14 2003]
Sustav MERO se razvio kao spojno sredstvo u čeličnim rešetkastim konstrukcijama.
MERO system has been developed as a joining instrument in steel frameworks.
[Thu Dec 04 10:04:00 2003]
Drveni štap od lamelirane ili rezane (piljene) građe spaja se na krajevima za cijevi od čelika, koje na svojim krajevima imaju konične nastavke, koji se mogu posebnim vijcima priključiti za MERO spojne čelične kugle.
Wooden bar made from laminated or cut (sawn) timber is connected to ends of steel pipes, who on their ends have conical joints, which can be with special screws joined to MERO joining steel spheres.
[Thu Dec 04 10:04:00 2003]
Čelične cijevi se s drvenim štapom spajaju sustavom ortogonalnih trnova.
Steel pipes are connected to the system of orthogonal spikes with a wooden bar.
[Thu Dec 04 10:09:45 2003]
a) aksonometrijski prikaz čvora;
a) axonometric illustration of a knot;
[Thu Dec 04 10:16:43 2003]
c) presjek kroz spoj cijevi i drvenog štapa;
c) section through a pipe joint and a wooden bar;
[Thu Dec 04 10:18:46 2003]
d) presjek kroz štap na mjestu spoja drvenog štapa cijevi;
d) section through a member at the point where a wooden bar of the pipe is connected;
[Thu Dec 04 10:18:46 2003]
e) moguće je izvesti i drveni štap okruglog presjeka pa imitirati u MERO sustavu uobičajene čelične cijevi.
e) it is also possible to make a round section wooden bar and then imitate usual steel pipes in the MERO system.
[Thu Dec 04 10:21:30 2003]
MERO/BAM sustav spajanja rešetkastih prostornih konstrukcija (patentirano)
MERO/BAM system of connecting lattice spatial structures (patented)
[Thu Dec 04 10:26:08 2003]
pritezna matica
screw nut
[Thu Dec 04 10:27:30 2003]
priključni vijak
connecting screw
[Thu Dec 04 10:29:20 2003]
lamelirani štap
laminated member
[Thu Dec 04 10:30:56 2003]
štap kružnog presjeka
member of circular section
[Thu Dec 04 10:39:39 2003]
Sustav TIBO (3.
TIBO System (3.
[Thu Dec 04 10:42:29 2003]
MAJ) kontejner kuća.
MAJ) container-house.
[Thu Dec 04 10:43:06 2003]
Korišteni su tzv.
were used so called.
[Thu Dec 04 10:49:27 2003]
Pogodno za "emergency habitat".
Suitable for "emergency habitat".
[Thu Dec 04 10:51:49 2003]
Moguće su razne kombinacije bungalova.
Different combinations of a bungalow are possible.
[Thu Dec 04 10:53:42 2003]
Prikazan je tip bungalova za 2 do 3 osobe, površine oko 32 m2.
Illustration of a 2-3 person bungalow, about 32 m2 surface.
[Thu Dec 04 10:56:50 2003]
Kod bungalova za 3 do 5 osoba površina je cca 48 m2, a sastoji se iz dvije jedinice sa izdvojenim (ali spojenim) mokrim čvorom.
surface of a 3-5 person bungalow 3 5 is approximately 48 m2, but it consists of two units with a separated (but joined) wet node.
[Thu Dec 04 10:59:40 2003]
Ovim konstrukcijama nisu potrebni masivni temelji, već se samo izravna tlo.
Massive foundations are not necessary for these structures, only the ground gets flattened.
[Thu Dec 04 10:59:40 2003]
Nekoliko se takvih jedinica može "stakirati" u više-etažni sustav.
A few such units can be " stacked " in a more-story system.
[Thu Dec 04 11:08:53 2003]
Na žalost, ovaj praktični sustav je i relativno skup jer materijal kontejnera (čelični okvir s limovima) nije strukturalno iskorišten.
Unfortunately, this practical system is also relatively expensive because the container material (steel framework with sheet metals) is not structurally used.
[Thu Dec 04 11:14:58 2003]
Konstrukcija bi mogla nositi daleko veće opterećenje nego što je to opterećenje snijegom (u krajevima gdje ima snijega) i vjetrom.
Structure could bear far greater load than that of the snow (in parts with snow) and wind.
[Thu Dec 04 11:14:58 2003]
No, brzina izvedbe je praktično trenutna, pa to daje prednost ovim kućicama, pogotovo u uvjetima poslijeratne obnove ili obnove nakon prirodnih katastrofa.
But, the execution speed is practically momentary, so this gives advantage to these little houses, especially in the conditions of postwar reconstructions or after natural disasters.
[Thu Dec 04 11:32:01 2003]
Treba za krojenje membrana poznavati vještine krojenja slobodnih oblika, treba znati ne samo dizajnirati konstrukciju već i znati načiniti odgovarajući kroj u osnovi kojeg treba uračunati i puzanje pod silom napinjanja u toku vremena, dakle u dizajn kroja uvesti i nelinearne analize konstrukcija i detalja.
To tailor membranes, it is necessary to know tailoring skills of free forms, not only how to design a structure but also how to make a matching pattern in whose basis the creep under the stressing force during the course of time also needs to be included, therefore nonlinear structure detail analyses have to be introduced in the pattern design also.
[Thu Dec 04 11:32:45 2003]
Treba poznavati CAD, ali treba i raspolagati programima za nelinearne analize konstrukcija membrana i uslojenih konstrukcija panela.
We need to know the CAD, but also have programs for nonlinear structure analysis of membranes and layered panel structures.
[Thu Dec 04 11:32:46 2003]
O tome je pisao i istraživač prof. J.
about it wrote also researcher prof. J.
[Thu Dec 04 11:32:46 2003]
Dvornik.
Dvornik.
[Thu Dec 04 11:38:13 2003]
Dva tipa laganih konstrukcija od drveta, metala i plastike na betonskim temeljima:
Two types of light structures of wood, metals and plastics on concrete foundations:
[Thu Dec 04 11:38:13 2003]
a) hiperbolični paraboloid od drveta, b) zrakom stabilizirana membrana pneumatskog diska
a) hyperbolic wooden paraboloid, b) air stabilized membrane of pneumatic disc
[Thu Dec 04 11:40:26 2003]
Industrijska proizvodnja stambenih jedinica od tipskih elemenata, koji se međusobno kombiniraju na razne načine.
Industrial production of home units from standard elements, which are mutually combined in different ways.
[Thu Dec 04 11:44:10 2003]
Napete membrane od trevire na čeličnim stupovima:
tighten trevira membranes on steel columns:
[Thu Dec 04 11:44:46 2003]
nadstrešnica za autobusne perone.
eaves for bus platforms.
[Thu Dec 04 11:44:46 2003]
Iz kataloga Strosmayera.
From Strosmayer's catalog.
[Thu Dec 04 11:49:40 2003]
Primjena pneumatskih jastuka pri pokrivanju velikih gradskih površina.
use of pneumatic cushions when covering large urban surfaces.
[Thu Dec 04 11:50:08 2003]
"Marlex Stern" krov od pneumatskih jastuka od DIOLEN-a.
"Marlex Stern" roof made from DIOLEN pneumatic cushions.
[Thu Dec 04 11:54:34 2003]
Izvedeno 1971.
Performed in 1971.
[Thu Dec 04 11:54:34 2003]
Prikazuje se presjek strukture, te pogled na konstrukciju, kao i dva rakursa izgleda krovne plohe sustava pneumatskih jastuka.
Shows structure section, view on the structure, as well as two camera angles of roof surface view of pneumatic cushions system are illustrated here.
[Thu Dec 04 12:04:38 2003]
Konstrukcija od napetih membrana trevire za prekrivanje prostora raznih namjena.
Structure made of tighten trevira membranes for covering areas of different purposes.
